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The EU Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act: A Commentary


ISBN13: 9789403532271
Published: November 2024
Publisher: Kluwer Law International
Country of Publication: Netherlands
Format: Hardback
Price: £248.00



In stock.

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems increasingly permeate various facets of our lives, there are growing concerns about their disruptive effects on society and the risks they pose to human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. Accordingly, the AI phenomenon has given rise to numerous governance frameworks at all levels of jurisdiction. In this context, it cannot be denied that the European Union’s AI Act is the first legislation of its kind with global impact, establishing horizontal rules for the development, market placement, and use of AI systems. However, grasping its subtleties and intricacies poses a formidable challenge. This, then, is the first book to offer a reference guide and research tool, providing the full text of the AI Act as published in the Official Journal of 12 July 2024, along with an in-depth, article-by-article commentary. The commentary examines each article in sequential order, ensuring a thorough understanding of every provision.

More than eighty prestigious scholars and top-tier professionals, all experts in the field, collectively contribute an exhaustive exploration and analysis of the AI Act, making this volume ‘the’ guide, likely shaping the Act’s interpretation and application in courts, and establishing it as a preeminent resource for legal determinations and academic research. The authors include senior scholars, legal practitioners, judges, and regulators from top law schools, international law firms, and EU institutions. Their authoritative and respected opinions and diverse insights and perspectives will help to shape legal and regulatory frameworks for AI, not only in Europe but worldwide.

Lawyers, judges, and other legal professionals will benefit from the book’s lucid interpretation of the AI Act, aiding in its application and compliance, thus enhancing their ability to effectively practice and uphold AI-related regulations. Professionals working in, interested in, and willing to learn more about the field of AI will find thorough guidance, making it an essential resource for anyone involved in AI development and systems design. In addition, policymakers and institutions across the globe will have the opportunity to learn from the EU's pioneering approach, helping them craft their own AI policies and legislation.

Subjects:
IT, Internet and Artificial Intelligence Law
Contents:
List of Abbreviations
Foreword by Brando Benifei – AI Act: A European Way for Artificial Intelligence
Foreword by Dragos¸ Tudorache
Preface

CHAPTER I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1. Subject Matter
Patrick Van Eecke & Bartholomäus Regenhardt

Article 2. Scope
Patrick Van Eecke & Bartholomäus Regenhardt

Article 3. Definitions
Lukas Feiler & Beat König

Article 4. AI Literacy
Elora Fernandes, Wayne Holmes & Sopio Zhgenti

CHAPTER II. PROHIBITED AI PRACTICES
Article 5. Prohibited AI Practices
Els J. Kindt & Catherine Jasserand

CHAPTER III. HIGH-RISK AI SYSTEMS
SECTION 1. CLASSIFICATION OF AI SYSTEMS AS HIGH-RISK
Article 6. Classification Rules for High-Risk AI Systems
Guillaume Couneson

Article 7. Amendments to Annex III
Guillaume Couneson

SECTION 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH-RISK AI SYSTEMS
Article 8. Compliance with the Requirements
David M. Schneeberger, Walter Hötzendorfer & Christof Tschohl

Article 9. Risk Management System
David M. Schneeberger, Walter Hötzendorfer & Christof Tschohl

Article 10. Data and Data Governance
Katerina Yordanova

Article 11. Technical Documentation
Hande Özkayagan Prändl & Katarzyna Barud

Article 12. Record-Keeping
Thomas Marquenie

Article 13. Transparency and Provision of Information to Deployers
Ana Maria Corrêa

Article 14. Human Oversight
Argyri Panezi

Article 15. Accuracy, Robustness and Cybersecurity
Jorge Constantino

SECTION 3. OBLIGATIONS OF PROVIDERS AND DEPLOYERS OF HIGH-RISK AI SYSTEMS AND OTHER PARTIES
Article 16. Obligations of Providers of High-Risk AI Systems
Stavros Tsipras

Article 17. Quality Management System
Theodoros Karathanasis

Article 18. Documentation Keeping
Wannes Ooms & Victoria Hendrickx

Article 19. Automatically Generated Logs
Fabian Schmieder

Article 20. Corrective Actions and Duty of Information
Daniel Westman & Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg

Article 21. Cooperation with Competent Authorities
Klaus M. Steinmaurer

Article 22. Authorised Representatives of Providers of High-Risk AI Systems
Graziana Kastl-Riemann

Article 23. Obligations of Importers
Lutz Riede & Oliver Talhoff

Article 24. Obligations of Distributors
Lutz Riede & Oliver Talhoff

Article 25. Responsibilities Along the AI Value Chain
Lutz Riede & Oliver Talhoff

Article 26. Obligations of Deployers of High-Risk AI Systems
Daniel Gallagher

Article 27. Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment for High-Risk AI Systems
Tünde Fülöp & Philipp Poindl

SECTION 4. NOTIFYING AUTHORITIES AND NOTIFIED BODIES
Article 28. Notifying Authorities
Žiga Škorjanc & Kai Korte

Article 29. Application of a Conformity Assessment Body for Notification
Žiga Škorjanc & Kai Korte

Article 30. Notification Procedure
Žiga Škorjanc & Kai Korte

Article 31. Requirements Relating to Notified Bodies
Žiga Škorjanc & Kai Korte

Article 32. Presumption of Conformity with Requirements Relating to Notified Bodies
Žiga Škorjanc & Kai Korte

Article 33. Subsidiaries of and Subcontracting by Notified Bodies
Žiga Škorjanc & Kai Korte

Article 34. Operational Obligations of Notified Bodies
Žiga Škorjanc & Kai Korte

Article 35. Identification Numbers and Lists of Notified Bodies
Iana Kazeeva

Article 36. Changes to Notifications
Iana Kazeeva

Article 37. Challenge to the Competence of Notified Bodies
Iana Kazeeva

Article 38. Coordination of Notified Bodies
Iana Kazeeva

Article 39. Conformity Assessment Bodies of Third Countries
Iana Kazeeva

SECTION 5. STANDARDS, CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT, CERTIFICATES, REGISTRATION
Article 40. Harmonised Standards and Standardization Deliverables
Koen Vranckaert

Article 41. Common Specifications
Koen Vranckaert

Article 42. Presumption of Conformity with Certain Requirements
Koen Vranckaert

Article 43. Conformity Assessment
Hande Özkayagan Prändl & Klaudia Kwiatkowska

Article 44. Certificates
Klaudia Kwiatkowska & Clara Saillant

Article 45. Information Obligations of Notified Bodies
Victoria Hendrickx & Wannes Ooms

Article 46. Derogation from Conformity Assessment Procedure
Wannes Ooms & Victoria Hendrickx

Article 47. EU Declaration of Conformity
Victoria Hendrickx & Wannes Ooms

Article 48. CE Marking
Victoria Hendrickx & Wannes Ooms

Article 49. Registration
Adam Harkens

CHAPTER IV. TRANSPARENCY OBLIGATIONS FOR PROVIDERS AND DEPLOYERS OF CERTAIN AI SYSTEMS
Article 50. Transparency Obligations for Providers and Deployers of Certain AI Systems
Thomas Gils

CHAPTER V. GENERAL-PURPOSE AI MODELS
SECTION 1. CLASSIFICATION RULES
Article 51. Classification of General-Purpose AI Models as General-Purpose AI Models with Systemic Risk
Toby Bond & Shima Abbady

Article 52. Procedure
Toby Bond & Shima Abbady

SECTION 2. OBLIGATIONS FOR PROVIDERS OF GENERAL-PURPOSE AI MODELS
Article 53. Obligations for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models
Nynke Elske Vellinga & Jeanne Mifsud Bonnici

Article 54. Authorised Representative
Nynke Elske Vellinga & Jeanne Mifsud Bonnici

SECTION 3. OBLIGATIONS OF PROVIDERS OF GENERAL-PURPOSE AI MODELS WITH SYSTEMIC RISK
Article 55. Obligations of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models with Systemic Risk
Nynke Elske Vellinga & Jeanne Mifsud Bonnici

SECTION 4. CODES OF PRACTICE
Article 56. Codes of Practice
Nynke Elske Vellinga & Jeanne Mifsud Bonnici

CHAPTER VI. MEASURES IN SUPPORT OF INNOVATION
Article 57. AI Regulatory Sandboxes
Norberto de Andrade
Article 58. Detailed Arrangements for, and Functioning of, AI Regulatory Sandboxes
Norberto de Andrade
Article 59. Further Processing of Personal Data for Developing Certain AI Systems in the Public Interest in the AI Regulatory Sandbox
Thomas Binder & Iris Eisenberger
Article 60. Testing of High-Risk AI Systems in Real-World Conditions Outside AI Regulatory Sandboxes
Thomas Binder & Iris Eisenberger
Article 61. Informed Consent to Participate in Testing in Real World Conditions Outside AI Regulatory Sandboxes
Samson Y. Esayas & Luca Tosoni
Article 62. Measures for Providers and Deployers, in Particular SMEs, Including Start-Ups
Thomas Binder & Iris Eisenberger
Article 63. Derogations for Specific Operators
Antonella Zarra

CHAPTER VII. GOVERNANCE
SECTION 1. GOVERNANCE AT UNION LEVEL1
Article 64. AI Office
Matthias Schmidl & Andreas Rohner

Article 65. Establishment and Structure of the European Artificial Intelligence Board
Matthias Schmidl & Andreas Rohner
Article 66. Tasks of the Board
Matthias Schmidl & Andreas Rohner
Article 67. Advisory Forum
Matthias Schmidl & Andreas Rohner
Article 68. Scientific Panel of Independent Experts
Matthias Schmidl & Andreas Rohner
Article 69. Access to the Pool of Experts by the Member States
Matthias Schmidl & Andreas Rohner

SECTION 2. NATIONAL COMPETENT AUTHORITIES
Article 70. Designation of National Competent Authorities and Single Point of Contact
Matthias Schmidl & Andreas Rohner

CHAPTER VIII. EU DATABASE FOR HIGH-RISK AI SYSTEMS
Article 71. EU Database for High-Risk AI Systems Listed in Annex III
Adam Harkens

CHAPTER IX. POST-MARKET MONITORING, INFORMATION SHARING AND MARKET SURVEILLANCE
SECTION 1. POST-MARKET MONITORING

Article 72. Post-Market Monitoring by Providers and Post-Market Monitoring Plan for High-Risk AI Systems
Ayça Atabey, Lachlan Urquhart & Burkhard Schafer

SECTION 2. SHARING OF INFORMATION ON SERIOUS INCIDENTS
Article 73. Reporting of Serious Incidents
Ayça Atabey, Lachlan Urquhart & Burkhard Schafer

SECTION 3. ENFORCEMENT
Article 74. Market Surveillance and Control of AI Systems in the Union Market
Laura Drechsler & Plixavra Vogiatzoglou

Article 75. Mutual Assistance, Market Surveillance and Control of General-Purpose AI Systems
Nikolas Smirra

Article 76. Supervision of Testing in Real World Conditions by Market Surveillance Authorities
Nikolas Smirra

Article 77. Powers of Authorities Protecting Fundamental Rights
Plixavra Vogiatzoglou & Laura Drechsler

Article 78. Confidentiality
Irmak Erdogan

Article 79. Procedure at National Level for Dealing with AI Systems Presenting a Risk
Tobias Mahler, Peter Alexander Earls Davis & Sebastian Felix Schwemer

Article 80. Procedure for Dealing with AI Systems Classified by the Provider as Non-High-Risk in Application of Annex III
Tobias Mahler & Sebastian Felix Schwemer

Article 81. Union Safeguard Procedure
Luca Tosoni & Samson Y. Esayas

Article 82. Compliant AI Systems which Present a Risk
Bernadette Zelger

Article 83. Formal Non-compliance
Bernadette Zelger

Article 84. Union AI Testing Support Structure
Bernadette Zelger

SECTION 4. REMEDIES
Article 85. Right to Lodge a Complaint with a Market Surveillance Authority
Waltraut Kotschy

Article 86. Right to Explanation of Individual Decision-Making
Maja Brkan & Hana Palcic Vilfan
Article 87. Reporting of Infringements and Protection of Reporting Persons
Amélie Lachapelle

SECTION 5. SUPERVISION, INVESTIGATION, ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORING IN RESPECT OF PROVIDERS OF GENERAL-PURPOSE AI MODELS
Article 88. Enforcement of the Obligations of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models
Quentin B. Schäfer
Article 89. Monitoring Actions
Quentin B. Schäfer

.Article 90. Alerts of Systemic Risks by the Scientific Panel
Lutz Riede & Oliver Talhoff

Article 91. Power to Request Documentation and Information
Lutz Riede & Oliver Talhoff

Article 92. Power to Conduct Evaluations
Lutz Riede & Oliver Talhoff

Article 93. Power to Request Measures
Carlota Cuatrecasas Monforte

Article 94. Procedural Rights of Economic Operators of the General Purpose AI Model
Arun Kapoor

CHAPTER X. CODES OF CONDUCT AND GUIDELINES
Article 95. Codes of Conduct for Voluntary Application of Specific Requirements
Arnd Haller, Caroline Coesemans & Lukas Maly

Article 96. Guidelines from the Commission on the Implementation of this Regulation
Clara Saillant & Katarzyna Barud

CHAPTER XI. DELEGATION OF POWER AND COMMITTEE PROCEDURE
Article 97. Exercise of the Delegation
Clara Saillant

Article 98. Committee Procedure
Clara Saillant

CHAPTER XII. PENALTIES
Article 99. Penalties
Anna Buchta

Article 100. Administrative Fines on Union Institutions, Bodies, Offices and Agencies
Anna Buchta

Article 101. Fines for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models
Anna Buchta

CHAPTER XIII. FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 102. Amendment to Regulation (EC) No.
300/2008
Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan

Article 103. Amendment to Regulation (EU) No.
167/2013
Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan

Article 104. Amendment to Regulation (EU) No.
168/2013
Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan

Article 105. Amendment to Directive 2014/90/EU
Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan

Article 106. Amendment to Directive (EU) 2016/797
Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan

Article 107. Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2018/858
Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan

Article 108. Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2018/1139
Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan

Article 109. Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2019/2144
Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan

Article 110. Amendment to Directive (EU) 2020/1828
Kenny Henderson, Reeve Boyd & Tobias Seger

Article 111. AI Systems Already Placed on the Market or Put into Service and General-Purpose AI Models Already Placed on the Marked [sic]
Adriana Winkelmeier & Christoph Korab

Article 112. Evaluation and Review
Adriana Winkelmeier & Christoph Korab

Article 113. Entry into Force and Application
Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan