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Origins of the Right of Self-Defence in International Law: From the Caroline Incident to the United Nations Charter


ISBN13: 9789004354975
Published: January 2018
Publisher: Brill Nijhoff
Country of Publication: The Netherlands
Format: Hardback
Price: £156.00



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This book examines a long-standing dispute regarding the prerequisite for the exercise of the right to self-defence and aims to offer a possible better alternatives for interpreting the significance of the precondition provided for in the Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, by taking a historical perspective on the development of that concept from the mid-19th century to 1945.

The book defines the right of self-defence as understood in and before 1945, suggesting the typology which represents the strata of the concept. It will contribute to the current debate regarding the right of self-defence in contemporary international law, including that against terrorism, by providing a framework to analyse the state practice since 1945.

Subjects:
Public International Law
Contents:
Preface
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Part 1: Re-formation of Perspectives
1. Framework of the Conventional Debate
  Bowett and Brownlie
  Interpretation of the Text of the United Nations Charter
  Right of Self-defence in Pre-1945 Customary International Law and the un Charter
 A Bowett: Three Issues and One General Statement
   Three Issues
   Rechtsgüter and Prior Conduct
   General Statement
 B Brownlie: Re-formulation of Bowett’s General Statement
   Counter-argument to Bowett
   Prior Conduct
   Rechtsgüter
   i>Counter-argument to Bowett’s General Statement
 C Beyond the Framework of Debate Set by Brownlie
  1 Influence of this Framework over Current Arguments
  2 Beyond the Consensus Framework
2. Great Confusion over the Right of Self-defence: The Caroline Incident Revisited
  Why the Caroline Incident?
 A Divisions over the Caroline Incident
   The Caroline Incident
   Divisions
   Conflict over the Right of Self-defence and the Caroline Incident
 B Background to the Divisions: The Necessity Doctrine and the Self-defence Doctrine
  1 Necessity Doctrine
  2 Self-defence Doctrine
  3 Difference in the Function of the Right of Self-defence
 C Differences in the Concepts: Self-preservation Doctrine
  1 Self-preservation Doctrine
  2 Limits of the Self-preservation Doctrine
 D Perspectives
Part 2: Two Distinct Concepts
3. The Right of Self-defence before World War i
 A State Practice
   Incidents and Cases to be Examined
   Viewpoints to Examine
 B Doctrine
   Relationship to the Concept of War
   Relationship to the Concept of the Right of Self-preservation
 C Policing Concept of the Right of Self-defence
   The Policing Concept of the Right of Self-defence
   Pre-World War i Self-defence and the Doctrine
   Differences in Context
4. The Right of Self-defence as it Developed in the Inter-war Period
  The Restrictive Interpretation and Its Reading of the Inter-war Period
  ‘Resort to Force’ and ‘Armed Attack’
  Relationship between the Right of Self-defence as Developed in the Inter-war Period and the Pre-World War i Right
 A The Basic Function of Self-defence: Resistance to Acts of Aggression
   Development of the Outlawry of War
 B Scope of the Inter-war Right
   Structure of this Section
 C Significance of the Inter-war Period’s Conception of Self-defence: Self-defence as Defensive War
   The Policing Conception of Self-defence and the Defensive War Conception of Self-defence
   Legal Status of Policing and Defensive War Conceptions
   The Right of Defensive War and the Definition of Aggression
Part 3: The Pre-1945 Right of Self-defence
5. The Relationship between the Two Conceptions of Self-defence Alive in 1945
  Existing Views of this Relationship
  Structure of this Chapter
 A Coexistence of the Two Conceptions of the Right of Self-defence
  1 The Pact of Paris and Protection of Nationals Abroad
  2 The League of Nations Codification Conference
  3 The United States-Mexico Mixed Claims Commission
 B The Relationship between the Two Conceptions of Self-defence
   The Normative Relation
   The Structure of this Section
  1 The Right of Self-defence in Customary International Law and Treaty Law
  2 Violations of Territory and Resort to War
  3 From Outlawry of War to Prohibition of the Use of Force
 C ‘Outlawry of War’ and the Two Conceptions of the Right of Self-defence
6. The Right of Self-defence in the Travaux Préparatoires of the United Nations Charter
  Past Enquiries and Newly Released Documents
  Structure of this Chapter
 A Formulation of the Non-use of Force Principle
  1 The Formulation Process
  2 From the Moscow Declaration to the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals
  3 Deliberations at the San Francisco Conference
  4 Conclusions of Section A
 B The Perception of the Right of Self-defence as Policing Measures
   The un Charter and the Right of Self-defence as Policing Measures
  1 Internal Discussions of the us Department of State
  2 From Dumbarton Oaks to San Francisco
  3 Theoretical Status of the Policing Conception of Self-defence
 C ‘Insertion’ of the Right of Self-defence as Defensive War
   The Process by Which Article 51 was Inserted
   The Process of Article 51’s Formulation
  1 From Dumbarton Oaks to San Francisco: The Two Contexts in Which the Right of Self-defence was Discussed
  2 The Birth of Article 51
  3 Collective Self-defence against Armed Attack and Individual Self-defence against Aggression
 D The Meaning of the Right of Self-defence in the Drafting Process of the un Charter
   Right of Self-defence in Terms of Policing Measures
   Self-defence in Terms of Defensive War
   The Rechtsgüter and Legal Status of the Right(s) of the Self-defence
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index