This book presents the outputs of the second edition of the judges@europe forum, organised by the EJTN in October 2023 at the Siracusa International Institute for Criminal Justice and Human Rights (Italy). The forum gathered judges from 25 EU Member States and high-level speakers from key stakeholders, including the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Court of Human Rights, other actors from the Council of Europe and the United Nations. The contributions address contemporary challenges that the judiciaries in Europe are facing to satisfy increased citizens’ demand for efficient justice despite ever-more complex legal, technological and budgetary environments. Those challenges, closely connected to the rule of law value, are examined from three complementary angles: accountability through disciplinary proceedings and liability: balancing judicial independence and the good administration of justice; accountability through judicial performance in the digital era: efficiency monitoring and AI applied to judicial activities, and; accountability through transparency: balancing judges’ right to privacy and freedom of expression with citizens’ trust in justice systems.